| Cover | 1 |
| Title Page | 5 |
| Copyright | 6 |
| Dedication | 7 |
| Contents | 9 |
| Preface | 15 |
| Chapter 1 Introduction | 17 |
| 1.1 A Microwave Radiometer System | 17 |
| 1.2 Blackbody Emission | 19 |
| 1.3 Linearized Planck Function | 20 |
| 1.4 Stokes Vector and Its Transformation | 21 |
| 1.5 Microwave Spectrum | 23 |
| 1.6 Spectral Response Function | 24 |
| 1.7 Microwave Antenna Gain and Distribution Function | 26 |
| 1.8 Microwave Instrument Scan Geometry | 27 |
| 1.9 Microwave Data Records and Their Terminology | 29 |
| Chapter 2 Atmospheric Absorption and Scattering | 31 |
| 2.1 Introduction | 31 |
| 2.2 Microwave Gaseous Absorption | 32 |
| 2.2.1 Absorption Line and Shape | 32 |
| 2.2.2 Oxygen Absorption | 34 |
| 2.2.3 Water Vapor Absorption | 38 |
| 2.2.4 Nitrogen and Ozone Absorption | 39 |
| 2.2.5 Line-by-Line Radiative Transfer Model (LBLRTM) | 39 |
| 2.2.6 Zeeman Splitting Absorption | 40 |
| 2.2.7 Parameterized Transmittance Model | 44 |
| 2.3 Cloud Absorption and Scattering | 48 |
| 2.3.1 Scattering Parameters | 48 |
| 2.3.2 Particle Size Distribution | 50 |
| 2.3.3 Rayleigh Approximation | 54 |
| 2.3.4 Henyey-Greenstein and Rayleigh Phase Matrix | 58 |
| 2.4 Summary and Conclusions | 60 |
| Chapter 3 Radiative Transfer Modeling at Microwave Frequencies | 61 |
| 3.1 Introduction | 61 |
| 3.2 Radiative Transfer Equation | 61 |
| 3.3 Vector Discrete-Ordinate Method | 63 |
| 3.4 Radiance Gradient or Jacobians | 69 |
| 3.5 Benchmark Tests | 71 |
| 3.6 The Zeroth-Order Approximation to Radiative Transfer Solution | 76 |
| 3.7 The First-Order Approximation to Radiative Transfer Solution | 78 |
| 3.8 Ocean Emissivity Model | 78 |
| 3.8.1 Ocean Roughness Phenomena | 78 |
| 3.8.2 Approximation of Water Dielectric Constant | 80 |
| 3.8.3 Ocean Roughness Heights and Spectrum | 83 |
| 3.8.4 Foam Coverage | 89 |
| 3.8.5 Surface Emissivity Vector | 90 |
| 3.9 Land Emissivity Model | 94 |
| 3.9.1 Theoretical Approach for Land Emission | 94 |
| 3.9.2 Optical Parameters of Vegetation Canopy | 97 |
| 3.9.3 Optical Parameters of Snow | 99 |
| 3.9.4 Surface Reflection at Layer Interfaces | 101 |
| 3.9.5 Soil Dielectric Constant | 103 |
| 3.9.6 Simulated Surface Emissivity Spectra | 103 |
| 3.10 Summary and Conclusions | 104 |
| Chapter 4 Microwave Radiance Simulations | 107 |
| 4.1 Introduction | 107 |
| 4.2 Fast Radiative Transfer Simulations | 108 |
| 4.3 Calculations of Antenna Brightness Temperatures | 112 |
| 4.4 Simulations of ATMS Sounding Channels Using Global Forecast Model Outputs | 115 |
| 4.5 Simulations of ATMS Sounding Channels Using GPSRO Data | 121 |
| 4.5.1 Collocation of GPS RO and ATMS Data | 121 |
| 4.5.2 ATMS Bias with Respect to GPS RO Data | 123 |
| 4.6 Uses of TRMM-Derived Hydrometeor Data in Radiative Transfer Simulations | 125 |
| 4.6.1 Collocation of ATMS and TRMM Data | 125 |
| 4.6.2 ATMS Biases With Respect to TRMM-Derived Simulations | 128 |
| 4.7 Advanced Radiative Transfer Simulations | 133 |
| 4.8 Summary and Conclusions | 136 |
| Chapter 5 Calibration of Microwave Sounding Instruments | 139 |
| 5.1 Introduction | 139 |
| 5.2 Calibration Concept | 140 |
| 5.3 ATMS Instrument Description | 140 |
| 5.4 ATMS Radiometric Calibration | 144 |
| 5.5 Impacts of ATMS Antenna Emission on Two-Point Calibration | 149 |
| 5.6 Retrieval of Reflector Emissivity Using ATMS Pitch-Over Data | 151 |
| 5.7 ATMS Noise-Equivalent Difference Temperature (NEDT) | 154 |
| 5.8 Conversion from Antenna to Sensor Brightness Temperature | 159 |
| 5.9 Summary and Conclusion | 163 |
| Chapter 6 Detection of Interference Signals at Microwave Frequencies | 167 |
| 6.1 Introduction | 167 |
| 6.2 Microwave Imaging Radiometers and Data Sets | 168 |
| 6.3 Radio-Frequency Interference Signals in Microwave Data | 170 |
| 6.4 Detection of RFI over Land | 171 |
| 6.4.1 Double Principal Component Analysis (DPCA) | 171 |
| 6.4.2 Spectral Difference Method | 176 |
| 6.5 RFI Detection over Oceans | 178 |
| 6.6 Summary and Conclusions | 191 |
| Chapter 7 Microwave Remote Sensing of Surface Parameters | 193 |
| 7.1 Introduction | 193 |
| 7.2 Remote Sensing of Ocean Surface Parameters | 194 |
| 7.2.1 Retrievals of Surface Wind Vector | 194 |
| 7.2.2 Simultaneous Retrieval of Sea Surface Temperature and Wind Speed | 199 |
| 7.3 Remote Sensing of Land Surface Parameters | 206 |
| 7.3.1 Retrievals of Land Surface Temperature | 206 |
| 7.3.2 Retrieval of Land Surface Emissivity | 211 |
| 7.3.3 Error Sensitivity of Land Surface Emissivity | 214 |
| 7.3.4 Fast Land Emissivity Algorithms | 218 |
| 7.4 Summary and Conclusions | 221 |
| Chapter 8 Remote Sensing of Clouds from Microwave Sounding Instruments | 223 |
| 8.1 Introduction | 223 |
| 8.2 Remote Sensing of Cloud Liquid Water | 224 |
| 8.2.1 Principle of Microwave Remote Sensing of Clouds | 224 |
| 8.2.2 Cloud Liquid Water Algorithm | 226 |
| 8.3 Remote Sensing of Cloud Ice Water | 229 |
| 8.3.1 Microwave Scattering from Ice-Phase Cloud | 229 |
| 8.3.2 Cloud Ice Water Retrieval Algorithm | 232 |
| 8.4 Cloud Vertical Structures from Microwave Double Oxygen Bands | 240 |
| 8.4.1 FY-3C Microwave Sounding Instruments and Their Channel Pairing | 241 |
| 8.4.2 Typhoon Neoguri Observed by MWHS and MWTS | 243 |
| 8.4.3 The Cloud Emission and Scattering Index (CESI) | 246 |
| 8.5 Summary and Conclusions | 248 |
| Chapter 9 Microwave Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Profiles | 251 |
| 9.1 Introduction | 251 |
| 9.2 Microwave Sounding Principle | 252 |
| 9.3 Regression Algorithms | 255 |
| 9.4 One-Dimensional Variational (1DVAR) Theory | 260 |
| 9.5 Multiple 1DVARs for All-Weather Profiles | 263 |
| 9.6 Microwave Integrated Retrieval System (MIRS) | 267 |
| 9.7 Summary and Conclusions | 273 |
| Chapter 10 Assimilation of Microwave Data in Regional NWP Models | 275 |
| 10.1 Introduction | 275 |
| 10.2 NCEP GSI Analysis System | 276 |
| 10.3 ATMS Data Assimilation in HWRF | 278 |
| 10.3.1 Hurricane Weather Research and Forecast (HWRF) System | 278 |
| 10.3.2 Hurricane Events in 2012 | 280 |
| 10.3.3 ATMS Data Quality Control | 282 |
| 10.3.4 Comparison between (o - B) and (o - A) Statistics | 288 |
| 10.3.5 Impact of ATMS Data on Forecasting Track and Intensity | 288 |
| 10.4 SSMIS Data Assimilation | 298 |
| 10.4.1 SSMIS Instrument | 298 |
| 10.4.2 SSMIS Data Quality Control | 303 |
| 10.4.3 SSMIS Bias Correction | 304 |
| 10.4.4 Impacts from SSMIS and AMSU-A Data Assimilation | 309 |
| 10.4.5 Impact of SSMIS LAS Data on GFS Operational Forecasts | 312 |
| 10.5 Summary and Conclusions | 312 |
| Chapter 11 Applications of Microwave Data in Climate Studies | 315 |
| 11.1 Introduction | 315 |
| 11.2 Climate Trend Theory | 316 |
| 11.3 A Long-Term Climate Data Record from SSM/I | 319 |
| 11.3.1 Simultaneous Conical Overpassing (SCO) Method | 320 |
| 11.3.2 Bias Characterization of Specific SSM/I Instrument | 323 |
| 11.3.3 RADCAL Beacon Interference with F15 SSM/I | 324 |
| 11.3.4 SSM/I Intersensor Bias Correction | 326 |
| 11.3.5 Impact of Cross-Calibration on SSM/I SDR | 329 |
| 11.3.6 Impacts of SSM/I Intersensor Calibration on TPW | 331 |
| 11.4 A Long-Term Climate Data Record from MSU/AMSU | 336 |
| 11.4.1 Impacts of Clouds and Precipitation on AMSU-A Trends | 339 |
| 11.4.2 Emission and Scattering Effect on AMSU-A | 339 |
| 11.4.3 AMSU-A Brightness Temperature Trend | 342 |
| 11.5 Atmospheric Temperature Trend from 1DVar Retrieval | 346 |
| 11.5.1 Climate Applications of 1DVar | 346 |
| 11.5.2 MSU and AMSU-A Cross-Calibration | 347 |
| 11.5.3 Cloud Detection Algorithm for MSU Applications | 347 |
| 11.5.4 Temperature Trend from 1DVar | 350 |
| 11.6 Summary and Conclusions | 353 |
| References | 357 |
| Index | 375 |
| EULA | 380 |
