| Preface | 7 |
| Contents | 9 |
| List of Figures and Photographes | 13 |
| List of Tables | 19 |
| Introduction | 21 |
| Chapter 1 Photomovement of Algae – Historical Overview of Research and Current State of the Art |
| 24 |
| Chapter 2 Terminology and the Fundamentals of Classification of Light-Induced Behaviour in Freely Motile Microorganisms |
| 31 |
| 2.1. Stare of the Art |
| 31 |
| 2.2. Paramelrical Classification Principles for Photomovement in Orga nisms |
| 36 |
| 2.3. Summary |
| 40 |
| Chapter 3 Investigations with Species of Dunaliella Teod. |
| 41 |
| 3.1. History of the Discovery and Description of the Genus Dunuliella |
| 41 |
| 3.2. Characteristics of the Test Species |
| 45 |
| 3.3. Cultivation of the Species |
| 47 |
| Chapter 4 Investigation of Photomovement in Dunaliella |
| 48 |
| 4.1. Methods of Investigating the Photomovement Parameters in Dnnaliella |
| 48 |
| 4.1.1. Experimental Installation |
| 48 |
| 4.1.2. Measuring the movement velocity of the cells |
| 49 |
| 4.1.3. Measuring the phototopotaxis |
| 49 |
| 4.1.4. Fourier Transform of Angular Distribution of the Cells |
| 51 |
| 4.2. Results of Measurement of Photomovement Parameters in Duna liella |
| 52 |
| 4.2.1. Photokinesis and Photokinetic Reactions |
| 52 |
| 4.2.2. Phototopotaxis |
| 55 |
| 4.2.3. Results of Fourier Transform of Angular Distribution of the Cells |
| 61 |
| 4.3. Summary | 63 |
| Chapter 5 Effect of Abiotic Factors on Photomovement Parameters of Dunaliella |
| 65 |
| 5.1. Effect of Temperature |
| 65 |
| 5.2. Effect of Electrical Fields |
| 66 |
| 5.3. Effect of pH |
| 68 |
| 5.4. Simultaneous Effect of Several Externat Factors |
| 71 |
| 5.5. Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation |
| 74 |
| 5.6. Effect of lonizing Radiation |
| 82 |
| 5.7. Summary |
| 85 |
| Chapter 6 Structure of the Photoreceptor System |
| 86 |
| 6.1. Problems associated with Photoreception of AIgae |
| 86 |
| 6.2. Structure of Photoreceptor Systems in Green Algae |
| 86 |
| 6.3. Structure of the Photoreceptor System of Dunaliella |
| 91 |
| 6.3.1. Stigma |
| 91 |
| 6.3.2. Structure of the Photoreceptor |
| 92 |
| 6.3.3. Application of Two- Beam Irradiation to Dunaliellu Cells |
| 94 |
| 6.4. Summary |
| 96 |
| Chapter 7 Identification of Photoreceptor Pigments |
| 97 |
| 7.1. Characteristics of Photoreceptor Pigments |
| 97 |
| 7.2. Identification or Photoreceptor Pigments in Euglena gracilis |
| 97 |
| 7.2.1. Euglena gracilis Photoreceptor Pigments |
| 97 |
| 7.2.2. Pigment Isolation |
| 98 |
| 7.2.3. Microspectrosphotometry and Microfluorometry of Pigments |
| 98 |
| 7.2.4. Determination of the Action Spectra for Photobiological Reactions |
| 100 |
| 7.2.5. Biochemical Methods |
| 101 |
| 7.2.6. Effect of Exogenous Chemicals on Photomovement |
| 102 |
| 7.2.7. Introduetion of Alternative Photoreceptor Pigments |
| 102 |
| 7.3. Identification of Photoreceptor Pigments in Green AIgae |
| 103 |
| 7.4. ldentification of the Photoreceptor Pigments in Dunaliella |
| 107 |
| 7.4.1. Analysis of the Phototopotaxis Action Spectra in Dunaliella |
| 107 |
| 7.4.2. Application of Lateral Ultraviolet lrradiation |
| 107 |
| 7.5. Summary |
| 110 |
| Chapter 8 Mechanisms of Photoreception and Photoorientation in Dunaliella |
| 111 |
| 8.1. Photoreception and Photoorientation Mechanisms in Algae |
| 111 |
| 8.2. Diffractional Mechanisms of Photoreception and Photoorientation in Dunaliella |
| 114 |
| 8.3. Role of Proteins in Photoregulation Mechanisms in Flagellates |
| 117 |
| 8.4. Summary | 118 |
| Chapter 9 Sensory Transduction |
| 119 |
| 9.1. Methods for Investigation of Sensory Transduction |
| 119 |
| 9.2. Sensory Transduction in Euglena gracilis |
| 119 |
| 9.3. Sensory Transduction in Green AIgae |
| 121 |
| 9.4. Sensory Transduction in DunaIiella |
| 123 |
| 9.4.1. Methods of lnvestigation |
| 123 |
| 9.4.2. Effect of Calcium Ions |
| 123 |
| 9.4.3. Effect of lonophore A23 187 |
| 125 |
| 9.4.4. Effect of Ouabain |
| 126 |
| 9.4.5. Effect of Cobalt Ions |
| 126 |
| 9.4.6. Effect of Cinnarizine and lsoptin |
| 127 |
| 9.4.7. Effect of Sodium Azide |
| 129 |
| 9.5. Summary | 131 |
| Chapter 10 Flagella Apparatus |
| 132 |
| 10.1. Structure |
| 132 |
| 10.2. Peculiarities of Flagellar Beating |
| 132 |
| 10.2.1. Flagella Beating in Euglena gracilis |
| 132 |
| 10.2.2. Flagella Beating in Green Algae |
| 133 |
| 10.2.3. Flagella Beating in Dunaliella |
| 134 |
| 10.3. Analysis of Flagellar Beating |
| 135 |
| 10.3.1. High-Speed Microcinematography |
| 135 |
| 10.3.2. Laser Light Scattering |
| 135 |
| 10.3.3. Method of Microphotometry |
| 136 |
| 10.4. Summary | 137 |
| Chapter 11 Applied Aspects of Aquatic Biomonitoring Vsing the Photomovement of Dunaliella |
| 138 |
| 11.1. Algae of Genus Dunaliella as Test-Objects |
| 138 |
| 11.2. Photomovement Parameters of Dunaliella as Test-Functions |
| 142 |
| 11.3. Effect of Surface-Active Substances on Photomovement of Dunaliella |
| 143 |
| 11.3.1. Characteristics of Surface-Active Substauces |
| 143 |
| 11.3.2. Effect of Various Types of Surface-Active Substances, their Combinations and Duration of Action on the Velocity of Movement in Dunaliella |
| 144 |
| 11.4. Investigation of the Effect of Heavy Metals on Photomovement in Dunaliella Using Laser Doppler Spectroscopy |
| 147 |
| 11.5. Vector Method of Biomonitoring |
| 150 |
| 11.5.1. Dependence of Vector R on the Type and Concentration of Surface-Active Substances |
| 152 |
| 11.5.2. Dependence of Vector R on the type and concentration of heavy metals |
| 154 |
| 11.5.3. Dependence of Vector R on the Type and Concentration of Pesticides |
| 161 |
| 11.5.4. Advantages of the Vector Method for Biomonitoring |
| 163 |
| 11.6. Summary | 163 |
| Chapter 12 Dunaliella Biotechnology |
| 164 |
| 12.1. Carotenoids, ß-carotene Biosynthesis and Stereoisomers |
| 164 |
| 12.2. Use of DunaIiella salina for the Commercial Production of ß-carotene |
| 166 |
| 12.3. Summary | 171 |
| Chapter 13 General Results and Perspectives of Further Investigations |
| 172 |
| 13.1. Problems of Terminology |
| 172 |
| 13.2. Phenomenology of Photomovement |
| 173 |
| 13.3. Photoreactions |
| 173 |
| 13.4. Photokinesis |
| 173 |
| 13.5. Phototopotaxis |
| 174 |
| 13.6. Motility |
| 175 |
| 13.7. Photoreceptor System |
| 176 |
| 13.8. Mechanisms of Photoreception |
| 176 |
| 13.9. Sensory Transduction of the Light Signal |
| 177 |
| 13.10. Importance of Data on Algal Photomovement for Related Fields of Science |
| 177 |
| 13.1.1. Applied lmportance of Data on the Photomovement of Algae |
| 180 |
| References | 181 |
| Index of Latin Names | 226 |
| Subject Index | 228 |
| Author's Index | 232 |
| Chemicals – CAS nomenclature |
| 233 |
| About the Authors |
| 235 |
