Content | 6 |
Acknowledgements | 10 |
Introduction | 13 |
Intermediary Rule and International Intervention | 15 |
Armed Groups and Liberal Statebuilding | 18 |
Conflict and Intervention in a Local Space: The Case of Ituri | 22 |
An Approach of Figurational Sociology | 26 |
I. Refiguration: International Politics and Societies-at-War | 36 |
Discourse and Practice of Intervention | 37 |
Democracy without Demos | 41 |
The Legitimacy of Violence | 47 |
The International Community and its Other | 49 |
II. Intervention and Invention: The Establishment of Indirect Rule | 52 |
Only Cattle, Clans and Clients? Ituri’s Pre-colonial Past | 55 |
The Creation of Intermediaries: Colonial Rule | 66 |
De-Structured Domination: In the Post-colony | 81 |
Ituri’s Trajectory in the 20th Century | 101 |
III. New Chiefs in the Far West? Armed Groups in Ituri’s Civil War | 104 |
Armed Groups as Figurations | 106 |
Ituri’s Armed Groups in the Congo Wars | 109 |
Unwieldy Intermediaries: The UPDF and its Partners | 119 |
The New Chiefs? Armed Groups’ Leadership | 124 |
Pressures and Choices: Armed Groups’ Membership | 135 |
The Power of Armed Groups | 142 |
IV. Figuration of Uncertainty: International Challenge to Local Militias | 145 |
Intervention Effect: A New Gaze on National Politics | 148 |
Basic Legitimacy by Force: Operation Artemis | 150 |
The New Hegemon? Monuc in Ituri | 154 |
No Gun, No Voice: Ex-Combatants as Civil Society Organization | 162 |
Matryoshka Rebels: Playing Hide and Seek with Monuc | 168 |
The Perils of Uncertainty | 181 |
V. The Uneasy Community: International Agencies on the Ground | 186 |
“Monuc Has No Intelligence” | 192 |
Ituri’s International Community | 198 |
Jumble in the Jungle | 202 |
A Society of Organizations | 206 |
VI. Statebuilding and Intermediary Rule | 208 |
Local Institutions and International Intervention | 209 |
The “Unhappy Marriage”: Monuc and FARDC | 219 |
Indirect Rule and 21st Century Statebuilding | 235 |
VII. Conclusion: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly? Intervention, Rebels, and Rulers | 238 |
Continuity and Modifications of Indirect Rule in Ituri | 239 |
Exception and Rule: Comparing Ituri | 248 |
Colonialism Re-invented? | 252 |
Appendix | 256 |
Maps | 258 |
Abbreviations | 262 |
Interviews | 265 |
Bibliography | 268 |
Index | 289 |