Mobile and Wireless Communications Networks

Verlag	Springer-Verlag
Erscheinungsjahr	2005
Seitenanzahl	509 Seiten
ISBN	9780387231501
Format	PDF
Kopierschutz	DRM
Geräte	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
Preis	155,10 EUR

This book draws together papers presented at the IFIP/IEEE Sixth Conference on Mobile and Wireless Communications. It focuses on the convergence of mobile wireless networks and the Internet, in particular, integrating stand-alone mobile networks with infrastructure wireless networks to create more robust and accommodating wireless networks.

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Researchers in network security, QoS and mobile networks

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AN ALTERNATIVE METRIC FOR CHANNEL ESTIMATION WITH APPLICATIONS IN BLUETOOTH SCHEDULING (S. 203-204)

João H. Kleinschmidt, Marcelo E. Pellenz and Luiz A. P. Lima Jr.
Graduate Program in Computer Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba – PR, Brazil. E-mail:{joaohk, marcelo, laplima}@ppgia.pucpr.br

Abstract: Once Wireless Local Networks (WLAN) and Bluetooth devices share the same frequency band (ISM) there is a potential risk of interference if they are supposed to operate close to each other. Additionally, the signal fading effects on mobile Bluetooth networks may deeply affect the overall performance. That is why the use of strategies that minimize transmission on channels with great interference or severe fading is so important. This paper proposes and investigates the use of parameter m of the Nakagami distribution, as the channel estimation metric. We observed that parameter m may provide faster estimates on the channel condition than the bit error rate metric. This metric is applied in a new scheduling algorithm for Bluetooth piconets. Simulation results showing the performance of the algorithm for different traffic conditions are eventually presented. Bluetooth; wireless networks; Nakagami-m fading; scheduling. Key words:

1. INTRODUCTION

Bluetooth is emerging as an important standard1 for short range and lowpower wireless communications. It operates in the 2.4 GHz ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) band employing a frequency-hopping spread spectrum technique. The transmission rate is up to 1 Mbps, using GFSK (Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying) modulation. The Bluetooth MAC protocol is designed to facilitate the construction of ad hoc networks. The devices can communicate with each other forming a network with up to eight nodes, called piconet. Within a piconet, one device is assigned as a master node and the others devices act as slave nodes. Devices in different piconets can communicate using a structure called scatternet. The channel is divided in time slots of A time-division duplex (TDD) scheme is used for full-duplex operation. For data transmission Bluetooth employs seven asynchronous packet types.

Each packet may occupy 1, 3 or 5 time slots. The throughput of Bluetooth links using asynchronous packets was investigated2 for the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and for the Rayleigh fading channel. In other work3, we extended the results presented by Valenti2 looking into the performance of Bluetooth links in Nakagami-m fading channels. The sharing of the same frequency band between WLAN and Bluetooth devices may cause interference, if they are operating close to each other. Additionally, may occur mutual interference between different Bluetooth piconets operating in the same area. In Bluetooth networks with node mobility, like in sensor networks applications, the fading effects in the radio signal may significantly decrease the link performance. The use of strategies that minimize the transmission in channels with great interference or severe fading, may substantially improve the piconet performance. Extensive empirical measurements have confirmed the usefulness of the Nakagami-m distribution for modeling radio links13,14. The Nakagami-m distribution4 allows a better characterization of real channels because it spans, via the parameter m, the widest range of multipath fading distributions. For m=1 we get the Rayleigh distribution.

Using m<1 or m>1 we obtain fading intensities more and less severe than Rayleigh, respectively. This work proposes the use of fading parameter m as an alternative channel quality metric. This parameter can be estimated based on the received symbols. In a mobile wireless network, when a node position changes from line-of-sight to non-line-of-sight, for example, the impact in the signal propagation characteristic may be interpreted as a change in the parameter m. This model is interesting when Bluetooth devices are applied to ad hoc sensor networks. Power class one Bluetooth devices can cover ranges up to 100 meters, allowing the formation of large area piconets or scatternets. We also propose a new scheduling algorithm for Bluetooth piconets, which uses the channel quality information in the scheduling policy.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Contents	6
UNDERSTANDING THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN UNICAST AND GROUP COMMUNICATIONS SESSIONS IN AD HOC NETWORKS	9
1. Introduction	9
2. Background	10
3. Issues that may arise when unicast and group communications protocols coexist	13
3.1 Degradations in Packet Delivery Performance	13
3.2 Increased Latency Effects	14
3.3 Increased Control Overhead	14
4. Simulation Study	15
4.1 Simulation results	15
4.2 The effects of unicast protocol on the performance of group communication protocols	16
4.3 The effects of group communications protocols on the performance of the unicast protocol	17
5. Conclusions	19
References	20
CROSS- LAYER SIMULATION AND OPTIMIZATION FOR MOBILE AD- HOC NETWORKS	21
Introduction	21
1. Related Work	22
2. IEEE 802.11 MAC Layer Approach	23
3. Network Layer Approach	26
4. Expected Result	27
5. Future Works	28
6. Simulation Issues	28
7. Conclusion	29
References	29
IMPROVING TCP PERFORMANCE OVER WIRELESS NETWORKS USING LOSS DIFFERENTIATION ALGORITHMS	31
1. Introduction	31
2. TCP NewReno Enhanced with Vegas Loss Predictor	32
3. Simulation Network Model	33
4. Accuracy Evaluation	34
5. TCP Performance over Wireless Links	36
6. Conclusions	41
References	41
TCP PERFORMANCES IN A HYBRID BROADCAST/ TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM	43
1. Introduction	43
2. Issues raised by the GPRS return channel	44
2.1 GPRS Bidirectional mode	45
2.2 GPRS Unidirectional mode	45
2.3 GPRS uplink critical throughput	46
3. Simulation studies of the hybrid network performances	46
3.1 Simulation model of the hybrid network	46
3.2 Asymmetries	47
3.3 Hybrid routing	50
4. Experimentations	50
5. Conclusion	52
References	53
HANDOFF NOTIFICATION IN WIRELESS HYBRID NETWORKS	54
1. Introduction	54
2. Wireless Hybrid Network	55
3. Comparing the Route Update strategies	56
3.1 Acknowledged broadcast	57
3.2 Simulation Results	58
4. Optimization of the mobility notification	59
4.1 Differential Route updates	60
4.2 Nack route	60
4.3 Nack only	61
4.4 Simulation Results	61
5. Conclusion	64
References	65
SELECTIVE ACTIVE SCANNING FOR FAST HANDOFF IN WLAN USING SENSOR NETWORKS	66
1. Introduction	66
2. Layer 2 Handoff Process and Related Works	67
3. Architecture Design	70
3.1 Architecture overview	70
3.2 Selective Active Scanning for Fast Handoff	70
3.3 Benefit of the overlay sensor network	74
4. Evaluation	74
5. Conclusion	76
References	77
AN ANALYSIS OF MOBILE IPv6 SIGNALING LOAD IN NEXT GENERATION MOBILE NETWORKS	78
1. INTRODUCTION	78
2. BINDING UPDATE PROCEDURE	80
3. BASELINE MOBILE IPv6 SIGNALING LOAD	83
4. ANALYSIS OF INBAND SIGNALING	86
5. CONCLUSION	88
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	89
REFERENCES	89
PEER-TO-PEER BASED ARCHITECTURE FOR MOBILITY MANAGEMENT IN WIRELESS NETWORKS	90
1. INTRODUCTION	90
2. RELATED WORK	91
3. PEER-TO-PEER BASED ARCHITECTURE	92
3.1 System Overview	92
3.2 DNS Structure	94
3.3 P2P Structure	95
3.4 Region Structure	96
3.5 System Operations	97
4. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION	99
5. CONCLUSION	100
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	100
REFERENCES	101
SUPPORTING GROUPWARE IN MOBILE NETWORKS	102
1. Introduction	102
2. Related Work	103
3. Model and Architecture	104
3.1 Network model	104
3.2 Design goals	105
3.3 Architecture	105
4. MGM Protocols	106
4.1 Exploiting Mobile IP	106
4.2 DNS based solutions	107
4.3 MGMFlood	107
4.4 MGMLeader	108
4.5 Dynamic MGMs	110
5. MGM Protocol Evaluation	110
5.1 Packet delay evaluation	110
5.2 Control plane evaluation	111
6. Transport Issues	112
7. Conclusions	113
References	113
RSM-WISP: ROAMING AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT IN HOTSPOT NETWORKS THROUGH A POLICY BASED MANAGEMENT ARCHITECTURE	114
1. INTRODUCTION	114
2. HOTSPOT ACCESS NETWORK MANAGEMENT	115
2.1 Management Objectives	115
2.2 Management Challenges	116
3. RSM-WISP	117
3.1 Architecture	118
3.2 Policy Specification	119
3.3 Architecture Implementation	122
4. CONCLUSION	124
5. REFERENCES	125
INTEGRATED RECONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT FOR THE SUPPORT OF END TO END RECONFIGURATION	126
1. INTRODUCTION	126
1.1 Towards reconfigurability	126
1.2 Related work	127
2. RECONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT ASPECTS	128
3. RECONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT PLANE ARCHITECTURE	130
3.1 General architecture	130
3.2 Architectural components	131
3.3 Communication between RMP and external entities	132
3.4 Case studies	133
4. CONCLUSIONS	135
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	136
REFERENCES	136
REPLICA ALLOCATION CONSIDERING DATA UPDATE INTERVALS IN AD HOC NETWORKS	137
1. Introduction	137
2. Related Works	138
3. Assumptions and Approach	139
4. Replica Allocation Methods	140
4.1 Replica allocation	140
4.2 Cache invalidation	143
5. Simulation Experiments	144
5.1 Simulation model	144
5.2 Effects of value	144
5.3 Effects of average update period	146
6. Conclusions	147
Acknowledgments	148
References	148
ANOVA-INFORMED DECISION TREES FOR VOICE APPLICATIONS OVER MANETS*	149
1. Introduction	149
2. Simulation Analysis of Audio Packet Delays	150
3. Designed Experiments and ANOVA Analysis	153
4. Learning Theory and Decision Trees	154
5. DoE and Learning Methodologies DoE and ANOVA Methodologies	155
6. DoE and Learning Theory Results and Discussion DoE Results and Discussion	157
7. Conclusions and Future Work	159
References	159
ROUTE STABILITY TECHNIQUES FOR ENHANCED VIDEO DELIVERY ON MANETS	161
1. Introduction	161
2. Related work	162
3. Route discovery extensions to DSR	163
4. Effects of route stability on real-time video streams	164
5. Multipath routing	167
6. Overall evaluation	170
7. Summary	171
References	172
A NEW SMOOTHING JITTER ALGORITHM FOR VOICE OVER AD HOC NETWORKS	173
ON THE COMPLEXITY OF RADIO RESOURCES ALLOCATION IN WCDMA SYSTEMS	185
1 INTRODUCTION AND SYSTEM MODEL	185
2 DOWNLINK	187
3 UPLINK	191
4 CONCLUDING REMARKS	195
REFERENCES	196
OPTIMIZATION OF PILOT POWER FOR SERVICE COVERAGE AND SMOOTH HANDOVER IN WCDMA NETWORKS	197
1. Introduction	197
2. System Model	198
2.1 Preliminaries	198
2.2 Service Constraints	199
3. Problem Definition	201
4. Two Ad Hoc Solutions	201
5. Mathematical Formulations	202
5.1 A Cell- bin Formulation	202
5.2 A Refined Formulation	202
6. A Lagrangean Heuristic	203
7. Numerical Study	204
8. Conclusions	206
Acknowledgments	207
References	208
AN ALTERNATIVE METRIC FOR CHANNEL ESTIMATION WITH APPLICATIONS IN BLUETOOTH SCHEDULING	209
1. INTRODUCTION	209
2. RELATED WORK ON PICONET SCHEDULING	211
3. ESTIMATORS FOR THE NAKAGAMI FADING PARAMETER	212
4. PROPOSED SCHEDULING ALGORITHM	214
5. SIMULATION RESULTS	215
6. CONCLUDING REMARKS	218
7. REFERENCES	218
DISTRIBUTED PAIRWISE KEY GENERATION USING SHARED POLYNOMIALS FOR WIRELESS AD HOC NETWORKS	220
1. INTRODUCTION	220
2. BACKGROUND	222
2.1 Bivariate polynomial- based key pre- distribution	222
2.2 Threshold secret sharing	223
3. PROPOSED DISTRIBUTED KEY GENERATION SCHEME	223
4. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION	226
5. CONCLUSION	230
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	230
COLLABORATION ENFORCEMENT AND ADAPTIVE DATA REDIRECTION IN MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS USING ONLY FIRSTHAND EXPERIENCE	232
1. INTRODUCTION	233
2. RELATED WORK	234
3. THE EXPERIENCE-BASED APPROACH	235
3.1 Node Configurations	235
3.2 Selfish and Malicious Behaviors Considered	236
3.3 Detection and Punishment of Selfishness and Malice in Data Forwarding	236
3.4 Dynamic Redirection	238
4. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY	240
5. CONCLUDING REMARKS	242
A SIMPLE PRIVACY EXTENSION FOR MOBILE IPV6	244
1. Introduction	244
2. Problem Statement	245
3. Some possible solutions	247
4. Our Proposal	248
4.1 Temporary Mobile Identifier ( TMI)	248
4.2 Protocol description	250
5. Privacy with Hierarchical Mobile IPv6	252
6. Conclusions	253
References	254
A TRUST- BASED ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR AD HOC NETWORKS	255
1. Introduction	255
2. Related work	256
3. TRP protocol	257
4. Performance evaluation	263
5. Residual vulnerability	265
6. Conclusion and future work	265
References	266
SHORT- TERM FAIRNESS OF 802.11 NETWORKS WITH SEVERAL HOSTS	267
1. Introduction	267
2. Related work	268
3. Fairness	269
3.1 Number of inter- transmissions	270
3.2 Sliding window method with the Jain fairness index	272
4. Experimental results	272
4.1 Number of inter- transmissions	273
4.2 Sliding window method with Jain fairness index	275
4.3 Delay	276
5. Conclusion	277
References	278
RAAR: A RELAY-BASED ADAPTIVE AUTO RATE PROTOCOL FOR MULTI- RATE AND MULTI-RANGE INFRASTRUCTURE WIRELESS LANS*	279
1. Introduction	279
2. Relay-Based Adaptive Auto Rate Control protocol (RAAR)	281
3. Throughputs of IEEE 802.11 MAC, RAAR and D-RAAR	284
4. Conclusion	289
References	289
A NON-TOKEN-BASED-DISTRIBUTED MUTUAL EXCLUSION ALGORITHM FOR SINGLE-HOP MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS	291
1. Introduction	291
1.1 Related Works	292
1.2 Our contribution	292
2. Basic definitions	293
3. A single-hop mutual exclusion algorithm	294
3.1 Processing an example	294
3.2 The Algorithm	296
3.3 The use of a counter in each station	297
3.4 Evaluation of the number of broadcast rounds necessary for n stations to enter the same CS	298
4. Experimental results	300
5. Concluding remarks	301
References	301
THE RECEIVER’S DILEMMA	303
1. Introduction	303
2. A Fundamental MANET Problem	304
3. Some Strategies to Deal with Fading	308
4. Simulation Analysis	311
5. Summary and Conclusions	312
Notes	314
References	314
THEORETICAL CAPACITY OF MULTI-HOP WIRELESS AD HOC NETWORKS	315
1. Introduction	315
2. Analysis of Network Saturation Capacity	317
2.1 Boundary Conditions	317
2.2 Discussion	320
3. Analysis of Maximum Instantaneous Capacity	320
3.1 Maximum Number of Simultaneously Active Links	320
3.2 The Bottleneck Aggregate Link Set	323
3.3 Discussion	324
4. Conclusions	326
HOW TO DISCOVER OPTIMAL ROUTES IN WIRELESS MULTIHOP NETWORKS	327
1. Introduction	327
2. Shortest Path Algorithms & Routing Metrics	328
3. Existing Distributed Algorithms for Optimal Routing Ad Hoc Networks	329
4. A Distributed Version of Dijkstra’s Shortest Path Algorithm	330
4.1 Key Concepts & Basic Algorithm	331
4.2 Mapping Metric Values to	332
5. Implementational Aspects	333
5.1 Differential Delay Mapping	334
5.2 Local Delay Mapping	335
6. Conclusions & Further Work	337
References	338
ASYMPTOTIC PHEROMONE BEHAVIOR IN SWARM INTELLIGENT MANETS	339
1. Introduction	339
1.1 Previous Work	340
1.2 Structure of Paper	340
2. Termite Routing for MANETs	341
2.1 A Short Introduction to Ad-Hoc Networks	341
2.2 Termite	341
3. The Model	343
4. Pheromone Update Analysis	343
4.1 Single Link Pheromone	344
4.2 Two Link Pheromone	345
5. Analysis	348
6. Conclusion	349
References	350
RANDOMIZED ROUTING ALGORITHMS	351
Introduction	351
1.1 Definitions of Routing Algorithms	353
1.2 Empirical results	356
1.2.1 Simulation Environment	356
1.2.2 Discussion of Results	357
1.3 Summary	359
Acknowledgments	360
References	360
RBR: REFINEMENT- BASED ROUTE MAINTENANCE PROTOCOL IN WIRELESS AD HOC NETWORKS	362
1. Introduction	362
2. Passive Probe Route Redirection	364
3. Active Probe Route Redirection	368
4. Performance Evaluations	369
5. Conclusion	372
References	372
ENABLING ENERGY DEMANDRESPONSE WITH VEHICULAR MESH NETWORKS	374
1. INTRODUCTION	374
2. VMESH DESIGN RATIONALE FOR DEMAND RESPONSE	376
3. VMESH ARCHITECTURE	377
4. ROUTING IN VMESH	380
5. PRELIMINARY RESULTS	382
6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK	384
References	385
CONTEXT-AWARE INTER-NETWORKING FOR WIRELESS NETWORKS	386
1. Introduction	386
2. Network model: the cell approach	388
3. Heterogeneous merging: a smooth approach	389
3.1 The case of heterogeneous cell interoperability	390
3.2 Addressing heterogeneous cell interoperability	390
4. Design and mechanisms	391
4.1 The NRPDP Protocol	391
4.2 The Routing Translator Daemon	392
5. Application: AODV ( DSR, OLSR)	393
5.1 AODV DSR	394
5.2 AODV OLSR	395
6. Conclusion	396
References	397
PERFORMANCE IMPACT OF MOBILITY IN AN EMULATED IP- BASED MULTIHOP RADIO ACCESS NETWORK	398
1. Introduction	398
2. Description of the Testbed	399
3. Mobility Models	400
3.1 Random Waypoint Model	401
3.2 Random Direction Model	402
4. Performance Evaluation	402
4.1 Setup	402
4.2 Movement Parameters	403
4.3 Results and Interpretation	405
5. Related Work	407
6. Conclusions and Further Work	407
Notes	408
References	408
Broadcast Services and Topology Control in Ad-Hoc Networks	410
1 Introduction	410
2 MAC Design and Broadcast services for Ad Hoc Networks	411
3 Topology Control in Ad Hoc Networks	413
4 The ADHOC-MAC protocol	413
4.1 RR-ALOHA	413
4.2 Multi-Hop Broadcast	415
4.3 Topology Control in ADHOC MAC	415
5 Performance Evaluation	416
5.1 Single Hop Broadcast Efficiency	417
5.2 Multi-Hop Broadcast efficiency	418
5.3 Topology Control Algorithm Efficiency	418
6 Conclusions	420
References	420
SPACE AND TIME CURVATURE IN INFORMATION PROPAGATION IN MASSIVELY DENSE AD HOC NETWORKS	422
1. Introduction	422
2. Quantitative results on time slotted networks Quantification of the problem	424
3. Massively dense networks	427
4. Introduction of time component	429
5. Conclusion and perspectives	433
References	434
CLUSTER-BASED LOCATION-SERVICES FOR SCALABLE AD HOC NETWORK ROUTING	435
1. INTRODUCTION	435
2. RELATED WORK AND OUR MOTIVATION	437
2.1 Basic Principles of Location-Based Routing	438
2.2 Related Work on Location-service	438
2.3 Related Work on Clustering	439
2.4 Our Motivation	440
3. HOME-ZONE BASED HIERARCHICAL LOCATION MANAGEMENT	440
3.1 Associativity-based Stable Clustering	440
3.2 Homezone-based Hierarchical Location-Service	443
4. EVALUATION THROUGH SIMULATION	446
5. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK	449
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT	449
REFERENCES	449
ON SELECTING NODES TO IMPROVE ESTIMATED POSITIONS	451
1. Introduction	451
2. Assumptions and definitions	453
3. Anchors selection	454
3.1 Simple convex hull	455
3.2 Advanced hull	455
4. Simulation Results	456
4.1 Evaluation of the hull selection	456
5. Conclusion	461
References	461
ENERGY-EFFICIENT MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATIONS IN LOSSY MULTI- HOP WIRELESS NETWORKS	463
1. Introduction	463
2. Energy Management in Multi-Hop Wireless Networks	464
2.1 Energy-Aware Communication	464
2.2 Supporting End-to-End Communication with Hop-by-Hop Mechanisms	465
3. Protocol Effectiveness and Energy Efficiency	466
4. Application-Aware Link Layer Protocol	466
4.1 Transport Protocol Support	467
4.2 Intelligent Dropping Mechanism	467
4.3 The Retransmission Mechanism	468
5. Evaluation	469
5.1 Effects of Error Rate on Performance	470
5.2 Effects of Mobility on Performance	471
6. Conclusions	472
References	473
ANALYZING THE ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF IEEE 802.11 AD HOC NETWORKS	475
1. Introduction	475
2. Energy Consumption of the Nodes	476
3. Power Saving Techniques	479
4. Conclusions	485
References	486
ENERGY-EFFICIENT RELIABLE PATHS FOR ON-DEMAND ROUTING PROTOCOLS	487
1. Introduction	487
2. Related Work	487
3. Minimum Energy Reliable Paths	488
3.1 Hop-by-Hop Retransmissions (HHR):	488
3.2 End-to-End Retransmissions (EER):	489
4. Estimating Link Error Rate	489
4.1 BER using Radio Signal-to-Noise Ratio	489
4.2 BER using Link Layer Probes	490
4.3 BER Estimation for Variable Power Case	490
5. AODV and its Proposed Modifications	491
5.1 AODV Messages and Structures	491
5.2 Route Discovery	491
6. Simulation Experiments and Performance Evaluation	493
6.1 Network Topology and Link Error Modeling	493
6.2 Metrics	495
6.3 Static Grid Topologies	495
6.4 Static Random Topologies	497
6.5 Mobile Topologies	497
7. Conclusions	497
MINIMUM POWER SYMMETRIC CONNECTIVITY PROBLEM IN WIRELESS NETWORKS: A NEW APPROACH	499
1. Introduction	499
2. Problem description	501
3. An integer programming formulation	502
3.1 Valid inequalities	503
4. Preprocessing procedure	505
5. The iterative exact algorithm	506
6. Computational results	506
6.1 Preprocessing procedure	507
6.2 IEX algorithm	507
7. Conclusion	508
Acknowledgments	508
References	509

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