| Solution Sets for Net Zero Energy Buildings: Feedback from 30 Net ZEBs worldwide | 1 |
| Contents | 7 |
| About the editors | 11 |
| List of Contributors | 15 |
| IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programme | 19 |
| Foreword | 21 |
| Acknowledgments | 23 |
| 1: Introduction | 25 |
| 1.1 Why Another Book on Net Zero Energy Buildings? | 25 |
| 1.2 What is a Net Zero Energy Building? | 26 |
| 1.2.1 IEA SHC Task 40/EBC Annex52: Towards Net Zero Energy Solar Buildings | 26 |
| 1.2.2 Target Audience: Designers and Their Clients | 27 |
| 1.3 Structure of This Book | 29 |
| References | 30 |
| 2: Net Zero Energy Building Design Fundamentals | 31 |
| 2.1 Net Zero Energy Building Definition and Classification | 31 |
| 2.1.1 Physical Boundary | 32 |
| 2.1.2 Balance Boundary | 34 |
| 2.1.3 Weighting System | 35 |
| 2.1.4 Normalization | 35 |
| 2.1.5 Balance Period | 36 |
| 2.1.6 Balance Types | 36 |
| 2.1.7 Further Requirements | 37 |
| 2.2 Net ZEB Case Studies: Building, Climate and Measure Classifications | 38 |
| 2.2.1 Climate Classification | 39 |
| 2.2.2 Building Type Classification | 40 |
| 2.2.3 Net ZEB Measure Classification | 40 |
| 2.3 Net-Zero Energy Strategies and Measures | 42 |
| 2.3.1 Passive Approach Strategies | 43 |
| 2.3.2 Passive Measures | 45 |
| 2.3.3 Energy Efficiency Strategies | 49 |
| 2.3.4 Energy Efficiency Measures | 52 |
| 2.3.5 Renewable Energy System Strategies | 53 |
| 2.3.6 Renewable Energy Measures | 56 |
| 2.4 Summary: Solution Sets | 57 |
| 2.4.1 Net ZEB Solution Sets and Associated Categories | 57 |
| 2.4.2 Other Considerations of Net ZEB Design and Solution Sets | 58 |
| References | 60 |
| 3: Net ZEB Case Study Buildings, Measures and Solution Sets | 63 |
| 3.1 Introduction | 63 |
| 3.2 The Case Study Buildings | 64 |
| 3.2.1 Residential Buildings | 65 |
| 3.2.2 Non-Residential Buildings | 69 |
| 3.3 Net ZEB Measures | 75 |
| 3.4 Net ZEB Measures in Case Study Buildings | 77 |
| 3.4.1 Passive Measures | 78 |
| 3.4.2 Energy Efficiency Measures | 89 |
| 3.4.3 Renewable Energy Measure | 98 |
| 3.5 Net ZEB Measure Summaries and Solution Sets | 111 |
| 3.5.1 Net ZEB Measures Deployment Summaries | 111 |
| 3.5.2 Solution Sets in Residential Buildings | 124 |
| 3.5.3 Solution Sets in Non-Residential Buildings | 125 |
| References | 125 |
| 4: Net ZEB Design Opportunities and Challenges | 127 |
| 4.1 Introduction | 127 |
| 4.2 Architectural Design and the Net ZEB Objective | 128 |
| 4.2.1 Energy Balance and Building Shape | 128 |
| 4.2.2 Renewable Energy Systems Design | 132 |
| 4.3 The Integrated Design Process | 137 |
| 4.3.1 The Importance of the Brief | 137 |
| 4.3.2 The Role of the Architect | 138 |
| 4.3.3 Organizational Design Decision Making | 138 |
| 4.3.4 Integrated Design Process and Net ZEBs | 139 |
| 4.4 The Influence of Renewable Energy Systems on Building Design | 141 |
| 4.4.1 Envelope Integrated Supply Options: Photovoltaics vs. Solar Thermal | 142 |
| 4.4.2 Photovoltaics | 145 |
| 4.4.3 Solar Thermal | 147 |
| 4.4.4 Photovoltaic - Thermal Combined Systems | 148 |
| 4.4.5 Wind Turbines | 150 |
| 4.5 New Design Opportunities and Existing Barriers | 153 |
| 4.5.1 The Right to Sunshine | 153 |
| 4.5.2 A New Idea of Building Physical Footprint | 154 |
| 4.5.3 Listed Buildings | 156 |
| 4.5.4 Renovation of Post- War Period Buildings | 156 |
| 4.6 The Appearance of Future Net ZEBs | 157 |
| 4.6.1 Net ZEBs Shapes and Performances: A Typological Repertoire | 157 |
| 4.6.2 A New Aesthetics Driven by Net ZEBs | 165 |
| 4.7 Concepts for Future Cities | 165 |
| 4.7.1 Urbanization Versus Sprawl: Towards Net Zero Energy Communities? | 166 |
| 4.7.2 Net ZEBs, Smart Grids and Smart Cities | 167 |
| References | 171 |
| 5: Monitoring and Post-Occupancy Evalution of Net ZEBs | 177 |
| 5.1 Introduction | 177 |
| 5.2 Why Monitor Building Energy and Comfort? | 178 |
| 5.2.1 Interests and Issues Related to Monitoring Buildings | 178 |
| 5.2.2 Monitoring to Improve Overall Building Performance | 180 |
| 5.3 A Standard Monitoring Protocol for Net ZEBs | 182 |
| 5.3.1 Monitoring System Planning | 184 |
| 5.3.2 Monitoring System Design | 186 |
| 5.3.3 Monitoring System Installation | 187 |
| 5.3.4 Monitoring System Operation | 187 |
| 5.4 Building Energy Monitoring Protocols | 189 |
| 5.4.1 Energy Monitoring Protocol | 189 |
| 5.4.2 Case Study: Energy Monitoring at ENERPOS | 190 |
| 5.5 Indoor Environmental Quality Monitoring and Post-Occupancy Evaluation | 194 |
| 5.5.1 Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) Monitoring Protocol | 194 |
| 5.5.2 Case Study: Comfort Monitoring at ENERPOS | 198 |
| 5.6 Experience from Monitoring at 5 Net ZEBs | 206 |
| 5.6.1 Monitoring at 5 Case Study Buildings | 206 |
| 5.6.2 Building Management System | 210 |
| 5.6.3 Energy Results | 211 |
| 5.6.4 Comfort Measurements | 214 |
| 5.6.5 General Observations on Occupant Behavior | 214 |
| References | 215 |
| 6: Feedback from Building Designers, Engineers and Occupants | 219 |
| 6.1 Introduction | 219 |
| 6.2 Lessons Learned from the Design Process | 219 |
| 6.2.1 General Observations from the Design Process | 219 |
| 6.2.2 Design Hierarchy | 221 |
| 6.2.3 Motivations | 222 |
| 6.3 Lessons Learned from Building Designers, Engineers and Occupants | 223 |
| 6.3.1 Passive Design | 223 |
| 6.3.2 Energy Efficiency | 226 |
| 6.3.3 Renewable Energy | 229 |
| 6.3.4 Recommendations | 230 |
| 6.4 Occupant Consideration in the Design and Operation of Net ZEBs | 232 |
| 6.4.1 Effects of the Occupant Behavior on Energy Use and Comfort | 232 |
| 6.4.2 Automation vs User Controls | 233 |
| 6.4.3 Occupant Behavior Can Hinder Building Performance | 234 |
| 6.4.4 Lessons from Occupant Behavior in Net ZEBs | 235 |
| References | 239 |
| Glossary | 241 |
| Index | 247 |
| EULA | 255 |
